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To format a floating point number in exponential format, the appropriate conversion specifier is %e. This specifier outputs numbers in scientific notation, which is useful for representing very large or very small values in a more manageable way.

For example, when using %e, a number like 0.00012345 would be represented as 1.234500e-04 in exponential form. This format is standardized, and the use of %e ensures consistent representation of floating-point numbers in a way that highlights their scale, which is essential in many scientific and engineering applications.

In contrast, other specifiers serve different purposes: %f is used for fixed-point notation, %g is a general format that automatically chooses between %e and %f based on the value's size, and %o is used for formatting an integer in octal. Understanding these differences allows users to effectively choose the right formatting specification for their data representation needs.